United States Wine

Winemaker Description 

This Columbia Valley Riesling is a blend of Riesling from throughout WA's Columbia Valley. The wine offers crisp apple and white peach aromas and flavors with subtle mineral notes. This is your go to Riesling that is incredibly refreshing and flavorful and easy to match with a variety of foods.

Winemaker Notes

Our Professional Review

Bart Hopkins 67Wine.com | The 2022 Cloudline Pinot Noir shines from the glass with bright ruby reflections. The nose is inviting and uniquely Willamette Valley, warm and spicy with cherry raspberry and strawberry aromas. In the mouth the fruit is fresh and vibrant with round, velvety tannins on the supple finish. 

Winemaker Description

One of Joseph Drouhin’s illustrious endeavors in Oregon, 2022 marks the 21st vintage of Cloudline Pinot Noir. The fruit for Cloudline is sourced from some of Oregon’s top vineyards, and 25% of the fruit for the 2022 vintage is from Drouhin’s own Roserock Vineyard in the Eola-Amity region. 

Very easy to drink! Medium ruby-purple in the glass, it's scented of cranberries, blackberries and blueberries with touches of tar, mushroom and lavender. Light-bodied, soft and juicy, it offers generous perfumed fruit and a long, floral finish. 

Winemaker Description

This bold style Cabernet Sauvignon displays great complexity and structure. Slight pepper, round body, dried cherry, silky vanilla, concentrated with a long velvet finish.

Pair with - Blue Cheese, Dark Chocolate and Grilled or Roasted Duck, Beef or Veal. 

Expert Reviews - Vintage 2023

Tasting Panel 91 Points | A creamy wash of toasted brioche settles on the palate as perky acidity livens up notes of lemon sorbet, white tea, and fresh melon. Wine Spectator 90 Points | Vibrant and expressive, with a terrific mix of nutmeg-scented pear, Fuji apple and peach flavors that are delicate and precise but not shy on concentration and generosity. Sleek, precise acidity and hints of lemon meringue linger on the finish.

Wine Enthusiast 89 Points | Broad aromas of pear, honeydew and cantaloupe draw the nose into this freshly styled bottling. There is ample tension to the palate, where those melon flavors are layered in light coconut and jasmine elements.

Winemaker Description 

The 2023 Morning Fog Chardonnay bursts with aromatics of citrus and green apple complemented by hints of toasty oak and vanilla from barrel-aging. This wine is balanced by a lingering minerality and natural acidity to create a beautiful wine.

Winemaker Description

Elouan is the result of California winemaker, Joseph Wagner (Caymus), heading North to Oregon, one of the world’s renowned Pinot Noir regions and producing Pinot Noir with depth of flavor, vibrancy and suppleness.

Harmonious and elegant on the palate with flavors, of rich red plum, bright cherry, subtle earthiness and a hint of sweet tobacco, creating complex layers with soft, refined tannins.

Expert Reviews

Bart Hopkins of 67wine.com | A cornucopia of aromas swirl from the glass, unmistakably Oregonian, with enticing layers of spiced plums, dark berries, violets, cloves, wildflowers and exotic herbs. In the mouth, the flavors become robust and expansive with superb depth and definition that follow through into the finish. Smooth tannins compliment the luscious fruit with charming succulence. Delicious!

Expert Review - Vintage 2021

Tonya Pitts of Wine Enthusiast 88 Points | This wine is concentrated with tropical fruit, stone fruit, herb spice, cardamom, nutmeg and mulled orange. The wine has a dry finish.   

Winemaker Description 

The color is classic California golden straw. The flavors are dominated by the tropical notes that have become a signature of their Dunnigan Hills Chardonnay: pineapple, mango and melon. The 60% malolactic fermentation adds a creamy texture and a touch of butterscotch; oak aging adds the note of vanilla. The dash of verdejo brightens the wine with a lift of minerality. This delicious chardonnay has a satisfyingly plump mouthfeel balanced by the crisp, fresh fruit that lingers in the finish.

Our Professional Review 

Bart Hopkins of 67Wine.com | A very pretty expression of Willamette Valley Pinot Noir, this delicious 2022 shows plenty of aromatic complexity with layered fruit with a lovely earthy character. In the mouth, the flavors unfold to reveal raspberries, spiced plums and baking spices supported by elegant tannins that linger delightfully on the long finish. Drinking perfectly right now, this is a perfect accompaniment to salmon, poultry and vegetarian cuisine. - Bart Hopkins, 67 Wine Buyer

Expert Review - Vintage 2022 

Jeb Dunnuck 91 Points |  With a youthful transparent red hue, the 2022 Pinot Noir Willamette Valley is perfumed out of the gate with notes of fresh red cherries, sweet herbs, wet stone, and a hint of purple flowers shining through. Approachable and medium-bodied, it has a delicate, savory, juicy feel, with fine tannins and a light, earthy note of beetroot on the finish. This is a very charming wine to drink over the next few years.

Winemaker Description

With its broad array of origins and clones, this 100% Pinot Noir displays aromas of cocoa, pomegranate and raspberry on the nose and the palate as well as a light touch of nutmeg, cinnamon and allspice. True to Adelsheim's house style, it is elegantly textured with seamlessly integrated, silky, polished tannins.

Winemaker Description

This nearly garnet-red rosé, like all of Gruet's non-vintage sparkling wines, is aged 24 months en tirage. It has a lovely, bright floral bouquet with hints of strawberry, raspberry, and cherry. On the palate, it is rich and fruity in a dry, brut style. The flavor of berries continues on the palate, revealing more strawberry, raspberry, cherry. 

Expert Review

90 Points Tasting Panel | Bright pink color with juicy strawberry nose; dense and fresh with good balance and style. 100% Pinot Noir at 12% ABV.

Winemaker Description

This tried-and-true Cabernet has been a dinner table staple for more than 40 years. A rich ruby hue fills the glass along with aromas of fresh vanilla, lush red fruit and herbaceous nuances. On the palate, bright cherry notes mingle with warm cocoa and sweet oak. The finish is unbelievably smooth with soft, gorgeous tannins. 

Expert Review - Vintage 2021

James Suckling 90 Points | Notes of ripe pineapple and waxy lemons, with hints of walnuts, honeysuckle and vanilla. Full-bodied, seamless and creamy on the palate, with good fruit concentration and a spiced, slightly nutty undertone. Juicy finish. Drink now.

Winemaker Description 

Balance and proportion best describe the character of their 2020 Russian River Chardonnay; it displays abundant floral/ stone fruit aromas lightly accented by toasty, graham cracker sur-lie qualities. The mouth feel is creamy and full but the natural acidity of the Russian River fruit carries this velvet textured package to a long, clean finish. Winemaker Description. 

Winemaker Description 

California white wine with vibrant aromas and flavors of pear, apple, peach, oak and toast.

Medium-bodied white California wine with balanced acidity and a rich, toasty finish
Table white wine that pairs well with light appetizers and hearty entrees. 

Winemaker Description 

Bethel Heights' Pinot Noir Estate is always the best place to start when evaluating their growing season and winemaking intent in any given vintage. It incorporates nearly all sections of their three estate vineyards in various amounts, and as such provides an honest evaluation of the year.

The 2022 Estate Pinot Noir reflects the multifaceted nature of the vintage: the abundance of fruit, the acidity from a relatively cool growing season, and the effusive fruit from harvesting in the warmest October on record. Blending the Estate is often their most difficult task because it is their largest bottling each vintage, and thus spans nearly 214 barrels. They approach this wine like they do their others, with the singular goal to make the best, most transparent wine they can.

Expert Reviews - Vintage 2022

Decanter Magazine 94 Points |A delightful wine that punches so far above its price point. Black tea aromatics are married to freshly churned topsoil, dried lavender and sun-baked blackberries. The palate is distinguished in this well-priced wine. Chinese five spice, black tea and white pepper make room for ripe black bramble fruits and red plum skin. This wine is distinguished and complex, so refreshing to see such deference paid to a wine priced under $40.

Vinous Media 93 Points |More savory than sweet, the 2022 Pinot Noir Estate wafts up from the glass with a blend of shaved cedar, rose, ground cloves and dried black cherries. This is lifted and refined with juicy acidity and crisp red fruits, taking on a crunchy, tart cranberry concentration toward the close. Well-formed tannins frame the finish as violet inner florals resonate throughout. This is not only a spectacular entry point to the Bethel Heights style, it's also a fantastic value.

James Suckling 93 Points | Bright cherries, raspberries, orange peel and rose hips on the nose. Some walnuts. Racy and vibrant on the palate with a medium body and vivid, electrifying acidity. Refreshing, minty undertones at the end. (2022).

Robert Parker 93 Points | The 2022 Pinot Noir Estate is bursting with strawberry, raspberry and orange peel aromas, and with time it reveals touches of cinnamon, bitters and wildflowers. The light-bodied palate is finely astringent and refreshing with complex, bitters-laced flavors and a long, spicy finish.

Wine Spectator 92 Points | Taut and vibrant, with a steely core of acidity and tannins that drives the flavors of raspberry, cranberry and dusky spices toward the firm finish. (2022).

Wine Enthusiast 91 Points | What an impressive Pinot Noir value. The wine has a ripe black-cherry aroma to go along with a wisp of loamy soil. The fruit flavors are a mix of dark raspberry, tart and tangy cranberry and orange zest. The wine feels rich and full on the palate, with sturdy tannins. (2022). 

Expert Review - Vintage 2023 

Wine Spectator 93 Points | This distinctive white features a lively, mouthwatering and energetic mix of pomelo, yuzu and lemon sherbet flavors, with hints of sweetgrass, apple blossoms and lime zest. There's also an appealing grip on the finish.

Winemaker Description 

Delicate aromas of white flower and coastal minerality frame a beautiful nose on this Chardonnay. Hints of Kaffir lime leaf, fresh herbs, and elements of citrus amplify the bright savory character. The firs sip offers a flourish of fresh fruit, which knits into artful integration with focused acidity and lovely chalky textures. As the wine opens in the glass, faint notes of almond skin balance gentle citrus and pear, lingering on a minerals rich finish.

Winemaker Description

The 2022 California Unoaked Chardonnay has aromas of pear, sweet-tart apple and mango with notes of citrus and honeysuckle. On the palate, the wine opens with bright fruit flavors, followed by crisp minerality on the mid-palate and a long, clean balanced finish.

Expert Ratings - Vintage 2019

Tasting Panel 96 Points: Since its founding in 1972, Jordan Vineyard & Winery has produced just one red wine in every single vintage: a Cabernet Sauvignon. Thanks to meticulous craftsmanship, the 2019 embodies the standard set for this world-class red. Its sleek mouth- feel is dotted with white-peppered black raspberry, balsamic, and Italian herbs as well as illustrious, glossy tannins.

Wine Enthusiast 93 points: Excellent concentration and a classic flavor profile of black cherries, black olives and toasted oak give good reasons to buy and enjoy this Sonoma County icon. Firmly structured with fine-grained tannis and equally generous in black fruits, the wine is well-balanced and trim in body.

Winemaker Notes:

The 2019 vintage hits all the right notes. The palate is inviting and well-balanced, exuding flavors of blueberries, cassis and blackberry, making this a vintage that will age for years to come. A fitting release to commemorate Maggie’s first vintage as head winemaker. Intense aromas of ripe black cherry, graphite and blackberry interlace with a lovely violet floral note. The palate is inviting and well-balanced, exuding flavors of blueberries, cassis and boysenberry that are all beautifully interwoven with silky tannins from the French oak barrels. The dark fruit flavors and delicate acidity evolve beautifully in the glass and linger on the palate.

The dark fruit flavors, silky palate and beautiful structure make it a decadent
wine for food pairing. This wine’s elegance, acidity and spice notes complement
grilled or roasted dishes, such as coq au vin, lamb ragu or roasted salmon with
miso. The 2019 Cabernet Sauvignon’s earthiness even complements vegetarian
dishes, such as roasted vegetables, mushroom risotto and ratatouille.

Winemaker Description

The McManis Family Vineyards Cabernet is dark garnet in color with juicy flavors of blueberry, blackberry, and black cherry. Most of the fruit for the Cabernet Sauvignon comes from the Lodi AVA, with the remainder coming from sustainable vineyards within the Valley. They generally harvest the Cabernet in late September. After 7-9 days of fermentation on the skins, the resulting wine is pressed and finishes fermentation in stainless steel tanks. The wine is then aged on new and used French and American oak for 4-6 months.

Expert Reviews - Vintage 2023

Decanter 93 Points | There is an oomph and intensity to the 2023 Sonoma Coast Pinot Noir from Flowers, with ripe fruits and generous forest character. Aromas of gravel dust, pine tar and smashed blue fruits come to the fore with whispers of violet florality. The palate shows a core of red and blue brambles, a nearly feral character to them. The savoury elements are followed by dried herbs, black tea, and a touch of mace. There's an intense saline throughline that crescendos at the finish.

James Suckling 93 Points | It's one of the first 2023 Sonoma pinots to be released and a great reflection of the long, cool growing season. Tangy, fresh and well balanced, with intricate orange zest, cinnamon, red cherry and black tea flavors on a vibrant, acid-driven texture. Medium- to full-bodied.

Winemaker Description

This fine-spun Pinot Noir opens with fresh aromas of coastal evergreens and wildflowers. Hints of early-season cherries follow, macerated in warm spices (anise, cardamom, allspice) and layered over earthy sandalwood. Ripe yet tangy dark berries, wearing a little dust from the patch, star on a lightly textured palate, giving way to savory herbs, delicately tannic red tea, and a pop of salty sea beans. A fascinating play of light fruit and dark spice is finished with a bright squeeze of orange peel.

Winemaker Description

Bonanza calls back to a simpler time – Chuck Wagner recalls fondly how his family enjoyed his dad’s homemade wine with their nightly dinner. His vision is that delicious Cabernet should be accessible to a broad group of people. Chuck wants everyone to have the chance to enjoy good wine as a simple pleasure of everyday life.

Tasting Notes:

Bonanza Wine Cabernet Sauvignon Lot 6 is a bold and delicious red wine that embodies the spirit of the Wild West. With its deep ruby color and rich aromas, this wine is a true testament to the adventurous spirit of the American frontier. It reflects the “bonanza” of the great state of California – and bonanza calls back to the discovery of land where delicious Cabernet can be farmed. Medium ruby-red, this wine opens with scents of currants and dried roses, grape pomace, and fresh tilled soil.

The nose is filled with ripe blackberry and black currant, along with hints of vanilla and spice. On the palate, the wine is full-bodied and rich, with a velvety texture and silky tannins that make it easy to drink.

Winemaker Description 

Cool breezes and damp fog build character in this Russian River Valley Pinot Noir. French oak complements bold red fruit and floral aromatics with a veil of vanilla, waffle cone, and toasty oak. Both graceful and vigorous, this wine opens with a perfume of white flowers followed by persistent flavors of red cherry and berries.

Expert Review - Vintage 2022 

91 Points Wine Enthusiast | Soft strawberry and watermelon aromas are cut by tangerine peel on the nose of this bottling. The palate has earthy tones of wet rocks and chalk, with well-integrated acidity pumping into the finish.

Winemaker Notes

Winemaker Description

A core of Zinfandel from 60-80-year-old head-trained vines, carefully handpicked.

Flavors of cranberries and raspberries, leading to notes of red fruits, marionberry pie, and baking spices.

Winemaker Description 

To impart highlights of vanilla, caramel and nutmeg, Ron barrel fermented and aged 70 percent of the Chardonnay in French and American oak barrels (20 percent new) for eight months. Fermenting the remainder in stainless steel maintained a bright, fresh fruit balance. The resulting wine has ripe pear and pineapple, and mango flavors highlighted by citrus, Granny Smith apple and hints of baking spices.

The Beringer Founders' Estate Chardonnay is the perfect combination of pear, apple and ripe tropical fruit flavors, with a hint of citrus and a classically round mouthfeel. 

Expert Reviews - Vintage 2023

Tasting Panel 92 Points | Aged sur lie for nine months in (25% new) small French oak barrels, this classically styled Chardonnay shows a salty mineral character with melon, MacIntosh apple, marzipan, and lemon oil. Nice mouth feel, with body weight, and accented with crisp acidity. Wine Enthusiast 92 Points | A tantalizing, toasty top note draws you into this mouth-coating, richly flavorful and full-bodied wine. Spicy oak notes, light butter accents and poached pear flavors bring a lot of satisfaction on the sip.

James Suckling 91 Points | This shows note of ripe peaches and pineapple with hints of toffee, honeysuckle and lemon custard. Medium- to full-bodied, creamy and weighty yet with fresh, juicy acidity coming through. Mellow and textural on the finish.

Winemaker Description 

Chardonnay grapes grown primarily in Schug's Estate and Ricci vineyards, with additional barrels from the Wildcat Mountain and Sangiacomo vineyards, underwent traditional European winemaking practices. Each lot was fermented separately and aged on the lees ("sur-lie") in small French oak barrels, introducing judicious new oak. The result is an elegant and powerful wine that is refreshing and mouth-watering on the finish. It has intense aromatics of citrus, white flowers, and peach. This wine offers layers of tropical and stone fruit and light minerality on the palate.

Well-balanced acidity gives it a crisp, clean finish, making it an excellent wine with food. Try it with cream soups, rich seafood, fowl, veal, and pasta dishes.

Winemaker Description

Dark garnet red in color, the 2021 Grounded Cabernet Sauvignon leads with warm aromas of ripe black cherry, espresso, vanilla, and clove. The well-structured palate displays a round, luxurious mouthfeel and notes of cedar, forest floor, clove, and anise that extend through the generous finish.

Expert Reviews - Vintage 2021

Tonya Pitts of the Wine Enthusiast write 92 Points | This wine is deep, with aromas of cassis, black raspberry, cardamom, dried potpourri and mulled spices on the nose. The flavors on the palate are black strawberry, blueberry preserve and black tea leaves woven with lemon zest, black peppercorn and a long finish. Decant and pair with braised beef cheeks crusted with whole-grain mustard.

Expert Reviews - Vintage 2022

Wine Enthusiast 93 Points | This priced-to-sell appellation blend gives hints of what the single-vineyard expressions can do in a more accessible manner. Aromas of pomegranate, green peppercorn and oregano decorate the nose. The palate shows baked plum and strawberry flavors as well as Calera’s telltale showing of terpeneladen herbs like bay leaf and marjoram.

Vinous 91 Points | The 2022 Pinot Noir Central Coast is one of the few fully destemmed wines in the Calera portfolio. It's packed with sweet cherry-berry fruit, citrus peel lift and savory, earthy undertones. Morello cherry and marionberry join nips of blood orange zest, sweet tobacco and lavender, blossoming with air to reveal their charms. Linear and driven through the finish.

James Suckling 91 Points | A beautiful, balanced and easygoing wine with almost-sweet cherry and plum flavors on a big, broad texture. Strawberries, red cherries, sweet plums, light baking spices and vanilla bean on light tannins

The Wine Advocate 90 Points | The 2022 Pinot Noir Central Coast is a lovely introduction to the modern era at Calera, opening with a fragrant, dark-fruited nose lifted by pure herbal and spice aromas. The palate is supple and deftly concentrated, finishing on a balanced note framed by gentle acidity and subtle grip.

Winemaker Description 

This beautifully lush and supple Pinot Noir draws you in with inviting aromas of raspberry, dark cherry, dried sage and sweet tobacco leaf. On the palate, soft, supple tannins frame alluring layers of wild strawberry and Bing cherry, with hints of cracked black pepper and spice emerging on a long, satisfying finish.

Expert Review - Vintage 2020

Jeb Dunnuck 93 Points | The 2020 Pinot Noir Sonoma Coast is ripe with raspberry candy, crushed rose petal, and turned earth. The tannins in the 2020 are a touch more present and emerge on the finish, and it also has more warmth. Drink this over the next 10 years." Audrey Frick, Jebdunnuck.com, August 2022

James Sucklimg 93 Points | Aromas of spiced cherry, plum and fresh mint. Medium-to full-bodied with silky tannins. An interesting, well-balanced mix of fresh red and black fruit and savory spice. Good concentration." James Suckling, JamesSuckling.com, April 2022

Erin Brooks of the Wine Advocate 90 Points | The 2020 Pinot Noir Sonoma Coast is scented of wild berry jam, blueberries, juniper and underbrush. The medium-bodied palate has a firm, slightly rustic texture, understated fruits and rounded freshness." Erin Brooks, The Wine Advocate, July 2022

Winemaker Description

Our 2020 Sonoma Coast Pinot Noir reflects the nature of its coastal growing area. Cool evening fog wafts in from the ocean during the early evening and recedes gradually by noon, leaving behind cool, refreshed vines ready to bask in the sun. This wine, a blend of grapes from multiple vineyards, is a true representation of the marine-influenced region, where the environment allows us to leave the grapes on the vine long enough to develop abundant aromas and deep flavors.

The inviting nose offers up scents of Santa Rosa red plums, cassis, dried sweet figs and pomegranate backed by sandalwood and hints of tea rose. Bright and exciting on the palate, the entry begins with firm tannins and complex layers of red raspberries, bergamot tea, dried herbs and rose petal notes. Refreshing acidity carries the wine throughout the finish.

Winemaker Description

Raeburn Chardonnay shows an array of complex fruit tones ranging from pear and Gravenstein apple to nectarine. The fruit is beautifully complemented with toasted oak, vanilla and hints of Crème Brûlée with a balanced and elegant finish.

Expert Reviews - Vintage 2022

Tasting Panel 93 Points | We've long been fans of this 100% barrel-fermented wine aged in sur lie for nine months in French and Hungarian oak, but this vintage displays a surge of aromatics and flavors that is truly impressive. Ripe pear and lemon blossom perfume the air as the luxe mouthfeel of honeyed melon caresses the tongue. Intermingling notes of wet stone, charred caramel and yellow apple connect to an arch of bright acidity. The finish is juicy, with a twist of tangerine. Anthony Dias Blue

James Suckling writes:  This shows aromas of ripe pears and pineapple with honeysuckle, toffee and cooked oranges. Creamy and mellow with a full body, ripe fruit and hints of salted butter at the end. Polished and long. Drink now or hold.  - James Suckling 91

MaryAnn Worobiec writes:  A spicy, toasty note lingers above the core of apple pastry and grilled peach, with notes of clove and nutmeg on a medium frame. Drink now.  - Wine Spectator

Clive Pursehouse writes:  A simple approach to Chardonnay from the Russian River Valley. Oak plays a prominent role in the wine's aroma and flavour profile. Aromas of butterscotch, white flower and pear tart. The palate offers spiced, baked apple, cinnamon and bruised apple flavours.  Drinking 2023 to 2025.  - Decanter 

Winemaker Description 

A rich and memorable Chardonnay with creamy notes of vanilla bean, almond and a touch of tropical fruit. Balanced acidity and savory oak lead to a long, smooth finish. 

Winemaker Description 

This red blend is focused and generous, open textured and inviting, offering cherry, currant, red plum, and raspberry jam flavors. Winemaker Description. 

Winemaker Description 

This light-bodied, refreshing Pinot Grigio Colombard has crisp acidity with bright citrus notes with hints of pineapple and pear. Pair with grilled chicken or fresh seafood. 

Winemaker Description

Notes of blackcurrant, ripe plum and toasty oak. Pair with garlic and rosemary rubbed prime rib. Gluten free, vegan friendly.

Smooth Ambler Spirits set out to produce fine artisan spirits by combining patient Appalachian know-how with the finest of American ingredients. Located in the rural Greenbrier Valley of West Virginia, Smooth Ambler uses state-of-the-art distillery equipment in conjunction with the natural resources of the region; high-valley mountain air, natural waters, ideal temperature variations and friendly folks. The result is a truly remarkable crafted drink Winemaker Description. 

Expert Reviews - Vintage 2022

Vinous 92 Points |   A burst of savory reduction slowly blows off the 2022 Chardonnay La Combe Verte to reveal a deeply seductive blend of wildflowers and sage, giving way to nectarines and candied ginger. This is surprisingly weighty in feel, communicating a level of prominence balanced by a core of juicy acidity. Flinty minerality adds depth to its core of ripe pears and green melon. The 2022 leaves a pretty inner sweetness while cleaning up remarkably well with traces of candied lime that linger. The La Combe Verte punches well above its price.  Drinking 2024 - 2027.

Expert Rating - Vintage 2022 

92 Points James Suckling | A nicely structured, nicely balanced wine, this is tangy and firm, offering black cherries, cinnamon and dark plums braced by red cherry freshness. Very fresh, focused and vibrant. (2022).

Winemaker Description 

An exciting, yet friendly wine, bursting with aromas of fresh, muddled strawberry, bright cherry and pomegranate with hints of forest floor, toasted caramel and five-spice. The flavors combine to create a fruit-driven front palate and very subtle oak influence. The finish leaves you wanting more, with nice acid and flavors of strawberry sauce, pomegranate and spice to create great weight for an excellent food wine, as well as a charming drinking experience by itself.