212 products
El Bandarra Vermouth Blanco 1.0L
Winemaker Description
Made using wines made with 50% Garnacha Blanca and 50% Xarello grapes, El Bandarra Vermut Bianco is infused with more that 40 botanicals to create its complex bittersweet character.
Contino Rioja Reserva Laguardia -Laserna 2018 750ml
Expert Reviews
95 Points James Suckling | Black cherries with cedar and dried flowers, as well as dusty earth. It’s medium-to full-bodied with firm tannins that are long and polished. Lots of structure. Very typical and focused. Drinkable now, but better in 2024. (2018).
Robert Parker 94 Points | I tasted two vintages of the estate red that represents the blend and the character of the place. The 2018 Reserva comes from a cooler year and is a blend of 86% Tempranillo, 6% Mazuelo, 6% Graciano and 2% Garnacha with 14.12% alcohol and a pH of 3.48. The grapes ripened thoroughly and the wine is tasty but has a vibrant palate with freshness and depth. It has a classical nose and is complex and spicy with an earthy touch, a little developed and with fine-grained tannins. Very tasty. It spent 18 months in oak barrels, 90% of them French and 10% American; they are reducing the amount of American oak in this wine. (2018).
91 Points Wine Spectator | A medium-bodied red, round and creamy, with supple tannins and citrusy acidity providing definition for appealing flavors of pureed black cherry and boysenberry fruit. Offers accents of mocha, violet and star anise, with savory hints of tobacco and mineral showing on the finish. Tempranillo, Mazuelo and Graciano. Drink now. (2018).
Javier Sanz Rueda Verdejo Malcorta 2023 750ml
Elaborated with grapes of more than 40 years old, is the best expression of Rueda and its terroir: youthfyl and bright, it shows fresh and lively varietal notes of sweet grapefruit and pineapple, combined with anise and fennel.
Bone dry in the palate, its medium body is coupled with a crisp, refreshing acidity to drink at all times. It will suit any type of delicate flavors and lightly seasoned white fish or seafood. Winemaker Description.
Marques de Murrieta Capellania Rioja Blanco Gran Reserva 2018 750ml
96 Points James Suckling | Mineral, macadamia, pine nuts, white sesame and white fruit with a touch of spice. A bright and linear Capellania that shows excellent tension, freshness and complexity. Long and appetizing finish. More taut and gastronomic now. 100% viura. Drink now or hold.
95 Points Tim Atkin | The cooler 2018 vintage was ideally suited to the production of high-quality whites like this pure Viura from a six-hectare plateau at 485 metres within the extensive Castillo Ygay estate. Modern, perfumed and poised, it has finely integrated French oak, fennel, thatch and beeswax aromas, herbal complexity and a nutty, fragrant, citrus zest palate. 2025-40
94 Points Wine Advocate | To catch up with the current vintages that I shall review every 12 months from now on, I tasted two vintages of some of the wines, including the whites. The 2018 Capellanía is 100% Viura from the plot that names the wine. The vineyard is six hectares planted in 1945 at 485 meters altitude, the highest in the estate. It fermented in concrete, the first vintage to do so, as it was fermented in stainless steel until then, and matured in second-use French oak barrels for 22 months. It spent a further seven months in concrete, a long élevage, with the idea to produce a structured white with aging potential, while keeping the varietal character. The wine is subtle and elegant, following the path of all the wines in the portfolio here, still marked by the élevage in oak, spicy and smoky. The palate is balanced, with a nice combination of fruit and oak, with a soft texture, clean, focused and tasty. It has 14% alcohol, a low pH of 3.1 and 6.10 grams of acidity. 21,836 bottled and 688 magnums produced. It was bottled in July 2022. This is now released with the Gran Reserva back label.
La Garnatxa Fosca del Priorat DOQ 2021 750ml
Winemaker Description
Interesting bouquet where the mineral qualities provided by the dark slate soils perfectly combine with the typical red fruit nuances of the Garnacha. Rich and tasty wine with a well balanced elegance and finesse, complexity and length.
Clos Mogador Gratallops Vinya Classificada Priorat 2021 750ml
This Clos Mogador 2021 is all delicacy on the nose. The fruit is fresh, the aromatic Mediterranean herbs refined. The palate, on the other hand, is deep, with a satiny texture and a measured grip. A rarity that thrills from the start, just a prelude to the magnitude it will reach.
Expert Review
James Suckling | A beautiful, fresh red with lots of vibrancy. Mineral, flint, freshly crushed blueberries and red berries. Juicy, polished tannins with a little more crunch to the fruit this year. Has a nice firmness compared with the sweeter tannins in 2020. Really fluid, bright and vivid. Long. Drink or hold. (2021).
Ramon Cardova Crianza Rioja DOC Estate Bottled Kosher 2020 750ml
Our Professioal Review
Bernie says 67Wine.com | This is a terrific wine for those looking for a full bodied, oaky, typical Rioja. We drank this at Malka on 72 Street, with their famous schnitzel and it was completely enjoyable.
Opaque purple color, aromas of melted chocolate, roasted meats, jammy black fruits, and spice.
Pair with spicy or full-flavored chicken or veal dishes. Winemaker Description.
Kosher for Passover.
Bodegas Parra Jimenez Gulp/Hablo Espanol Red Wine LITER 2023
Winemaker Description
The Parra family’s pursuit came from the devotion of the three brothers (Francisco, Javier, and Luis) to find a sense of place in their home of La Mancha. They founded their property with the conviction to organically and biodynamically farm every vine under their care.
The Parra family works two large vineyards in La Mancha near the town of Las Messas (The Tables), totaling some 445 acres, or about 180 hectares. One of the vineyards is named Entresendas (Between Paths) and sits within the dried river bed. Entresendas benefits from the rich, alluvial soils, common to old river beds and perfect for the cultivation of grapes. The other vineyard is officially named Olla del Monte (Cooking Pan in the Mountain), but is known locally as the Cuesta Colorá because of the colorful scarpland soils of chalky clay covered in a fine layer of pebbles that hold the day’s heat well into the night.
For the Gulp/Hablo, the extremely gulpable wines, they tapped Juan Antonio Ponce of Bodegas Ponce to make the wine. With this partnership, they were able to create a wine that beats the competition without sacrificing on quality.
A supremely easy drinking light bodied red wine that truly lives up to its "Gulp" name. Showing nicely with bright red fruits and fresh herbs. Pair with roasted root vegetables & quinoa.
Bodega Y Vinedos Rico Nuevo Cebreros Garnacha Jirón De Niebla El Sotillo 2020 750ml
Winemaker Description
Rico Nuevo is a relatively new player in the Spanish wine scene, but they’re already making plenty of waves. The winery is right near Leon in the heralded Gredos Region. All eight wines they submitted to Parker’s Wine Advocate got at least a 90-point score.
The key to success here is the region of Gredos itself as well as the 77-year old Garnacha vines that the winery taps into. The region is known for making a more savory, higher toned expression of Garnacha, but Rico Nuevo really epitomizes that elegance.
They divide their own property with 40 micro parcels, all along the highest elevations of the north side of the Gredos Mountains. Here everything is organic and biodynamic and they’re very hands off in the vineyard, letting the gnarly old-vines do all the talking. It works so well.
Tasting Notes: Beautiful red fruit - cherry, cranberry, raspberry. Floral notes and Mediterranean herbs.
Valduero Tierra Alta en 2 Maderas Ribera del Duero 2018 750ml
Decanter | Deftly made wine, with intense fruit and smart oak ageing, redolent of Ribera typicity, with a modern and easygoing style. Very clean, well defined, dry and smooth in mouth, remarkably fresh. Persistent and fruity finish, if not particularly complex. An excellent entry point to Valduero's stable of great wines, which is one of the most notable in the whole region.
PointsPells is 100% Macabeu from a single, northeast-facing vineyard named “Vinya de la Caseta,” planted in 1969. The grapes are spontaneously fermented in a used 225L French oak barrel and 600L clay amphora with around 90 days on the skins.
After racking, the wine ages for 6 months without any stirring. Producer Description.
Anima Mundi Pells Macabeo Catalonia Orange Wine (Skin Contact) 2017 750ml
Pells is 100% Macabeu from a single, northeast-facing vineyard named “Vinya de la Caseta,” planted in 1969. The grapes are spontaneously fermented in a used 225L French oak barrel and 600L clay amphora with around 90 days on the skins.
After racking, the wine ages for 6 months without any stirring. Producer Description.
Dominio Romano Ribera del Duero Tinto Fino 2016 750ml
Winemaker Description
Produced from 100% Tinto Fino from vines age 30 years, aged 12 months in French Oak with minimal filtration. The result is a wine with a beautiful ruby colour with deep and intense aromas of red and black fruit with hints of liquorice and spice. The palate elegant and fresh with predominant fruit structure balanced by soft tannins and a lovely expressive finish.
It has the tannic richness of Ribera del Duero Tinto Fino, and smoky power from its oak, but the wine carries itself with some delicacy, its crisp fruit bringing fresh air.
Dominio Romano was established in 2005 when the Pares Balta family decided to to initiate a project in Ribera del Duero. Selecting the finest old and wild Tinto Fino vines in the best terroirs of the region, and farming with the utmost respect for the environment and tradition, the family produces wines that transmit the character of the autochthonous grape.
Bodegas Pinord Mas Blanc +7 Priorat DOQ Organic 2018 750ml
Winemaker Description
Blend of Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha, Syrah. Deep red in colour which lingers in the glass. The ageing in oak is noticeable, well blended with fruity aromas which give it finesse and complexity.
Mouth-filling and complex, smooth and well balanced on the palate. This is a wine which shows slightly smoked red fruit.
Bodegas Pazos del Rey Pazo de Monterrey Mencia 2015 750ml
Winemkaker Description
The grapes are collected from vineyards on the slopes of the Verin Valley. It is a fragrant, light, very fruity and delicate wine, an outstanding example of the Galician Mencía variety.
Bodegas Martinez Lacuesta CRIANZA Cuvee 2019 750ml
Our Professional Review
Oscar Garcia Moncada 67Wine.com | Martinez Lacuesta Crianza 2018 exudes aromas of currants, blackcherry and raspberry with a nice undertone of baking spices. Medium body with well-integrated, smooth tannins. Savory and pleasant finish. One of my go-to Crianzas to drink year around.
Winemaker Description
A tasty and well-structured wine with a deep black-cherry color. The fruity taste has an elegant finish with perfectly integrated sensations of oak. Highly recommended to accompany white or red meats, game or mature cheeses.
Bodegas CEPA 21 Malabrigo Ribera del Duero 2019 1.5L Magnum
Winemaker Description
A creamy texture carries the flavors of black cherry, chocolate and toast, with savory notes of black olive and tar, in this harmonious red. The firm tannins are well-integrated and balanced by gentle acidity.
Bodegas el NIDO EL NIDO JUMILLA 2021 750ml
Winemaker Description
A blend of 70% Monastrell and 30% Cabernet Sauvignon. Aged 24 months French & American oak. The wine exhibits a glass-coating opaque purple color.
The nose is expressive with pain grille, underbrush, brier, minerality, blueberry and blackberry fruit. On the palate is a plush, opulent wine with great density, savory flavors, and a lengthy finish.
Alfredo Maestro Vina Almate Tempranillo 2021 750ml
Winemaker Description
Wine made with only grapes, well-kept vineyards, and healthy land.”
This is the mantra of Castellano winegrower Alfredo Maestro, a bright light amongst an abyss of industrially farmed, over-ripe, over-oaked, and over-manipulated wine-scape that is the Ribera del Duero these days.
Alfredo Maesto is a city man, who has become a farmer as a choice and not because of circumstances. He is guided by passion and love, which we find in each of his bottles. His production is mainly of reds (Tempranillo and Garnacha) which can be drank both young and aged; then there’s the LoveAmor, the albillo (white grapes) pure which surprises even the most demanding of tasters. Alfredo Maestro manages some vineyards near Madrid, but mainly in Castilla y Leon, in Penafel in the Ribera near Valladolid (the Spanish Bolgheri), land which has always celebrated the most famous Spanish reds. To process natural wines in this piece of land is like finding yourself on the frontline in the Caporetto battle and yet, Alfredo Maestro, teacher both in name and facts, acting as a righteous Charon he takes on the task of ferrying heretic sommeliers from vanilla wines with shavings icing towards the right way of pure, real wine. Winemaker Description.
PM Spirits Project Fino Sherry 750ml
Winemaker Description
This saca de Junio comes from a Fino solera that has aged in a bodega in El Puerto de Santa Maria. It has spent the entirety of its time aging beneath a veil of flor. Typically used for blending purposes, this remarkable solera has never previously been bottled on its own.
Nicolas Palazzi was raised surrounded by his family’s vineyards in Bordeaux and introduced to spirits, Cognac and Cognac cellars through a dear friend of Nicolas’ grandfather. This gentleman will be referred to as “Mr. X”.
Established somewhere in the Cognac region of France, Mr. X’s family started distilling at over a century ago. Recognizing in Nicolas a fledgling passion for Cognac, this mysterious man shared his knowledge and connections within the small and commonly impenetrable world of artisan Cognac. This gave rise to PM Spirits, as Nicolas began sourcing, collecting, aging and blending these rare casks and subsequently releasing limited series bottling in the USA.
PM Spirit’s passion for artisan spirits has slowly broadened its focus over the years to include within its portfolio other small-scale hand-crafted distillates such as Sicilian Grappas, French Eau-de-vies & Liqueurs, Rum, Tequilas, Mezcals.
Bodegas Perica ORO RESERVA Rioja 2012 750ml
Winemaker Description
Appearance: Intense bigarreau cherry color, clean and vivid from the high level and variation with evolution.
Aromatic intensity and complexity, where mainly black fruits appear which develop high roasts and tobaccos, with underlying balsamic notes.
taste
In the mouth, it is fleshy and round, well structured, balanced, tannic, and with a persistent aftertaste. A very special wine with a singular character.
Pairing recommendation: Ideal for vegetables, juicy meats (roasts, lamb, game, etc) and cured cheeses.
Expert Reviews
92 Pts James Suckling: “concentrated, mature-berry character, generous tannins and a discreet hint of sweetness that make this an appealing wine with along, fresh finish.”
96 Pts Decanter Magazine: A nose of mature fruit and fruitcake, with balsamic hints, the palate is concentrated and complex with layers of lovely sweet black cherry fruit and velvety tannin.
Gratavinum 2PiR Priorat 2015 1.5L Magnum
Winemaker Description
The Gratavinum winery is located in the Priorat D.O.Q. of Spain was founded by the Cusiné family as a project to craft the most traditional wines from Penedés. This family also owns the Parés Baltà winery in Penedés and the Dominio Romano winery in the Ribera del Duero.
Following the Cusiné family philosophy of winemaking, all of the wines by the Gratavinum winery have been certified organic since 2004 and this winery pays the utmost respect to the environment and biodiversity of the region.
The Gratavinum winery crafts wines from the classic grapes of this region, Grenache and Cariñena, along with two very well adapted foreign grape varietals, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah.
The enologists at Gratavinum have adapted their winemaking to include new techniques and systems to craft organic wines that present the maximum expression of their grapes.
Finca Allende Rioja Calvario 2008 750ml
Expert Reviews
Vinous Josh Raynolds 92+ Points | Dark purple. Complex, highly perfumed bouquet of red berries, cherry pit, incense and dried flowers. Spicy raspberry and cherry flavors show a refreshingly bitter quality and are given depth by a note of licorice. Packs a serious punch but there's a surprisingly lithe quality to this wine too. The finish clings with impressive tenacity and repeats the cherry and floral notes. I'd let this wine rest for at least another three years or so. By the way, the 2007 Calvario has put on weight in the last year but also possesses superb energy; I rated it 94 in August. - Vinous 92+
Wine Advocate Neal Martin writes 90 Points | The 2008 Calvario is a blend of 90% Tempranillo, 9% Garnacha and 2% Graciano aged for 18 months in new French Allier oak. The nose offers broody blackberry and briary at first, leisurely unwinding to reveal black olive and violet aromas, with the oak well-knitted into the fruit profile. The palate is medium-bodied with fine, sturdy tannins complemented by the fleshy black fruit laced with just a pinch of white pepper towards the much more elegant finish. It deserves a couple of years in bottle. (2008).
Decanter Sarah Jane Evans MW writes 93 Points | A wine that smells of luxury and plenty of attention, showing the right balance between oak and fruit and a balancing acidity; expressive and charming, solidly built. Impressive, with tightly crafted tannins, and it should improve over time. Drinking 2019 -2023.
Bodegas Perica David Perica Rioja Seleccion Familiar Cosecha 2017 750ml
Winemaker Description
Vivid deep ruby red wine, with aromatic intensity, pepper, licorice and cocoa notes on black fruit background and balsamic notes. On the palate it is round, well structured, balanced with every nuances of the grape and the oak.
Ideal match to vegetables and juicy meat: lamb, roasts, game, and aged cheese.
Bodegas Lan Rioja Crianza 2020 MAGNUM 1.5 Liter
Winemaker Notes
Bodegas y Vinedos Artuke Rioja Cosecha 2022 750ml
Winemaker Description
A Tempranillo with a small addition of 5% Viura, i.e. white grapes. This is not only unusual on the Côte-Rotie of the Northern Rhône, but also in the Rioja and the Ribera del Duero. The base wine already shows why the future of this prestigious region lies in the high altitudes of Rioja Alavesa. The cool nights up here create a unique freshness, a purity of fruit and wonderful floral-playful aromas.
Clearly violet to the black cherry, also blueberry, just very delicate hints of plum underneath, overall a lot of bright, fresh fruit, stimulating and clear as a bell. And the mouth is just as brilliantly polished and juicy, dark wild berries and a fine-grained, but by no means softened tannin structure make Artuke's quality and ripeness standards clear even in the basic segment. A beautiful, even slightly salty, precise high-altitude Tempranillo full of fruit and without any influence of wood. Winemaker Description.
Dominio del Challao Angelita del Challao Rioja Alavesa La Bastida 2020 750ml
Expert Review
93 Points Robert Parker | The 2020 Angelita del Challao comes from a blend of different vineyards in the three valleys from Labastida, looking for a village wine; it was produced with 85% Tempranillo and the rest Garnacha, Mazuelo, Viura, Garnacha Blanca and other rare varieties from their own vineyards and purchased grapes. It fermented in concrete with indigenous yeasts, 40% full clusters that are foot trodden and the rest uncrushed grapes and matured in 225- and 500-liter barrels and 2,000-liter foudres—10 months with each plot separate—and then it was blended and let to settle in concrete for another 10 months. They look for a more approachable wine than Challao, with more floral aromas in a very elegant and harmonious way. The palate is medium-bodied with medium ripeness, 13.5% alcohol and very good freshness and acidity, balanced and harmonious, very tasty and with elegant, refined tannins. Really very good. 17,282 bottles and some larger magnums were filled in May 2022. (2020).
Dominio del Challao Challo Rioja Alavesa Vino Labastida 2020 750ml
Winemaker Description
Rioja is without question the most famous wine region in Spain, but the region is anything but homogeneous. The three sub-regions – Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Oriental and Rioja Alta – differ enormously. This wine comes from the small hamlet of Labastida in the northwest of Rioja Alavesa, the smallest and northernmost sub-region located in the Spanish Basque Country and characterized by calcareous clay and sandy soils.
The mastermind behind the Dominio del Challao winery is Manu Michelini, whose family makes incredibly fine, terroir-driven wines under the name Michelini i Mufatto at both their winery in Bierzo, in northeastern Spain, and the Argentine winery in Mendoza. The Challao is the winery's top wine. Medium ruby red with violet. There is significantly more intensity in the glass than with the Garnacha, but this wine still reminds me more of Burgundy than Bordeaux on the nose. The winery is clearly on the trail of elegance. Juicy, fresh wild berries, black cherries, rose petals and black Assam tea, that's delicately smoky.
Then come violets and freshly fired clay. In the mouth, cassis, fresh blackberries and lots of black cherry again. The intense, chalky minerality is phenomenal, building up gradually on the tongue. Delicately bitter, fresh herbs and a touch of After Eight. The tannins are fine and chalky, and as soon as you feel the structure, the next wave of black cherry washes over your tongue.
This is not at all what you imagine Rioja to be in the classic sense. But this wine is a lot of fun because of its freshness and mineral intensity without being boring. On the contrary, I am convinced that it will develop gracefully in the cellar for years because it is made for a long life. Super chic fabric and without question a Rioja in a class of its own!
Taanug Pinord Macabeo Xarello Kosher 2021 750ml
Winemaker Description
Slightly acid on the palate, giving it a young character. Pleasant and light.
Fresh and fruity, reminiscent of the varieties from which it is made, along with citric aromas.
Serving with Rice fish, Mixed rice, Crustaceans, Molluscan shell, Pasta with pesto sauce, Pasta with tomato sauce, Pasta with creamy sauces, Pasta with marinara sauce, Whitefish, Fish with sauce, Pizza.
Pares Balta Cava Rose PINK Organic NV Brut 750ml
Winemaker Description
Pares Balta Cava Pink is smooth, refreshing and very graceful on the palate, packed with ripe, red berry fruit and balanced by a crisp, fresh acidity. Ideal for helping you to enjoy the summer sunshine. Or a rainy Tuesday evening!
Made using the traditional method developed in Champagne, this terrific Parés Baltà Pink Cava is quite stunning, and it is by far the best rosé Cava we've tasted for the price. This modern blend sees the traditional Xarel.lo component of white Cava replaced by 38% Garnatxa, alongside the 32% Parellada and 30% Macabeu.
Grape Variety: Garnatxa, Parellada, Macabeo/Viura
Redcurrant color with a very good sparkling crown of bubbles. On the nose aroma of red fruit with a light floral notes. In the mouth it is appetizing and fresh with hints of redcurrant and raspberry. Long, sweet and pleasant finish. Serving temperature: 8 – 10°
Jabega Cabernet Sauvignon Tempranillo Sierras de Malaga 2020 750ml
Spicy nose with hints of black pepper and scrubland. Licorice, plum, tobacco. On the palate, red plum, cherry, friendly, fresh, very long.
Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Syrah and Petit Verdot
The province of Malaga in Andalusia, known mainly for its sweet wines such as Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel, also grows red varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, although to a lesser extent compared to other wine regions. Winemaker Description.
Marques de Arviza Reserva Rioja 2011 750ml
Winemaker Description
Very aromatic, fruity notes stand out over the wood ones. We perceive black fruits such as blackberries and plums alongside with spiced notes, obtained during its time in oak barrels, that bestow elegance. Roasted notes appear gradually as well. The wine has a great structure and body. It is well-balance and velvety on the mouth. It has a pleasant and long lasting finish.
18 months in French oak barrels. The wine is then finely-tuned in the bottle for a period of six months. For the purpose of preserving every characteristic of the wine, before being bottled, the wine goes through a clarification and stabilization process, followed by a filtration process. Nevertheless, over time, due to the use of very gentle techniques, some natural sediments might appear.
Bernardo Estevez Chanselus Tinto Ribeiro 2015 750ml
Winemaker Description
Chansélus is a unique, minuscule production red (112 cases total!!!) from the prestigious Ribeiro D.O. which is more known for its world-class whites. Bernardo Estevez makes this field blend of Brancellao, Souson, Caino da Terra, Carabuneira, Trincadeira, Ferrol, Tinta Amarela, Caino Bravo, Caino Longo, Mencia, etc... from the 3 hectares of vines that he owns in 5 different sub-regions.
He manages his vineyards personally following organic and biodynamic practices as laid out by Masanobu Fukuoka and he even brews his own natural treatments in his kitchen.
The wine is herbaceous and balanced with crisp acid, moderate tannins, fresh wild berry flavors and pronounced minerality from the sandy, granitic soils of Ribeiro. Pairs wonderfully with Galician pork sausages, smoked ham or sheep's milk cheese from the Pyrenees to the North.
Sierra de Tolono Rioja Tempranillo Tinto (Red) 2021 750ml
Winemaker Description
Intense color with purple reflections. The aromas of violets and Mediterranean herbs complement the delicate notes of chocolate and toast from the subtle aging.
Elegant on the palate, with fresh notes that combine with round and sweet tannins. In perfect balance with natural acidity, it is a pleasant and long-lasting finish.
Calcari Xarel.lo Pares Balta Penedes Organic 2023 750ml
An organic xarel·lo wine with minimum intervention.
From the flagship variety of the Penedès, the xarel-lo, comes this organic single-varietal wine. Calcari brings together the purest and most sincere expression of this ancestral variety, native to our territory and strongly rooted in our winemaking tradition.
Its characteristics give it great versatility, making it a variety suitable for the production of long-aged sparkling wines or wines with minimal intervention such as Calcari, a wine that allows us to see its great expressive capacity and its mineral characte.